Defilement Human Sexual Behavior and Child Free Essays

KENYATTA UNIVERSITY BACCALAUREUS LEGUM †LLB LPR 205 JUDICIAL ATTACHMENT REPORT PRESENTED IN Fulfillment OF PART OF THE COURSE REQUIREMENTS TITLE OF REPORT: STUDENT NAME: MUTITU EVELYNE . W. Understudy REGISTRATION No: L95S/7061/2009 WORD COUNT: 4480 â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- DATE OF SUBMITTING REPORT: â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- THURSDAY, 29TH SEPTEMBER 2011 â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- I am mindful of scholarly principles on unoriginality and express that the work secured by this report is my own and doesn't contain any unacknowledged work from different sources. We will compose a custom exposition test on Pollution: Human Sexual Behavior and Child or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- PRINT NAME: MUTITU EVELYNE . W. â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- SIGNATURE: â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1. 0: ABSTACT 1. 1: Objectives 1. 2: Method 2. 0: INTRODUCTION 3. 0: BODY 3. 1: Definition of debasement 3. 2: Background of pollution in Kenya 3. 3: Statistics on contamination in Kenya 3. 4: Perpetrators of contamination in Kenya. 3. : Age of pollution casualties in Kenya 3. 6: Possible clarifications with regards to why pollution is on the ascent 3. 6. 1: Gender imbalance and male centric ideas 3. 6. 2: Cultural practices 3. 6. 3: Poverty 3. 6. 4: Cultural and social generalizations 3. 6. 5: Failed establishments 3. 7: Laws overseeing the arraignment of sexual savagery against youngsters: 3. 7. 1: The constitution 3. 7. 2: Sexual offenses act, 2006 3. 7. 3: The children’s demonstration 3. 7. 4: The criminal method code 3. 7. 5: The business demonstration 3. 8: Challenges for looking for review in explicitly attacked kids: 3. 8. 1: Slow legal framework . 8. 2: P3 and PRC structure 3. 8. 3: Poor examination and arraignment 3. 8. 4: Conflicting clinical reports 3. 8. 5: Cultural and social shame in announcing cases 3. 8. 6: Ignorance of the open 3. 8. 7: Gender work areas 4. 0: CONCLUSION: 4. 1: Possible roads of managing contamination 4. 1. 1: Applying the equity arrangements in the new constitution 4. 1. 2: Civic training 4. 1. 3: Advanced innovation in gathering proof 4. 1. 4: Legislation to check social works on empowering debasement 4. 1. 5: Special work areas in police headquarters for explicitly ambushed casualties 4. . 6: Homes for mishandled youngsters 4. 1. 7: The sexual offenses act 4. 2: In summery 4. 3: Acknowledgment 4. 4: Recommendation 5. 0: References: 5. 1: Statutes 5. 2: different sources DEFILEMENT MENACES A FREQUENT GUEST IN THE CO RRIDORS OF JUSTICE: 1. 0: ABSTRACT: 1. 1: OBJECTIVE: The target of this examination was to discover why the quantity of debasement cases is expanding every day yet the vast majority of different wrongdoings are diminishing. It is likewise intended to see whether the legal executive is doing what's needed to control this social malice and if has assumed any job in its ascent. 1. 2: METHOD: I went through two months at Limuru law court and I tuned in to various pollution preliminaries. I had a few conversations with the Magistrate and youngsters officials and counseled various investigates done on the equivalent. 2. 0: INTRODUCTION: Under the SEXUAL Offenses ACT (2006) an individual who pollutes a kid matured eleven years or underneath will upon conviction be condemned to detainment forever; if the youngster is matured somewhere in the range of 12 and 15 years, the term of detainment will at the very least 20years; and if the kid is between 16-18 years of age, the defiler faces a term of no under 15 years in the slammer. These are punishments that one would expectation would terrify the brains out of any individual who is at any rate of sensibly stable psyche from considering the smallest thought of debasing a minor in Kenya, yet deciding from the widespread instances of contamination this isn't so. The make-up of the general public is that a parent brings forth a youngster and natures it, training it to develop into a capable person. The educator at that point assumes up the liability of sustaining when the kid is around four years old affecting information on the youngster. The congregation impacts virtues on the youngster and the remainder of the general public forms this kid in anticipation of more noteworthy obligations later on. A youngster is a powerless citizen as they can scarcely get by all alone. The general public is commanded with the duty of ensuring the youngster yet it has relinquished that obligation and even those nearest to these kids are harming them. Around one in each five announced wrongdoings around Limuru territory was a sexual offense and the vast majority of them being contamination cases. This upsetting practice has influenced the young lady youngster as well as even the kid is not, at this point safe. The stunning disclosure is that half of the contamination cases are by a relative followed by Close family companions, educators and not many have outsiders included. The vast majority of the kids are contaminated at their homes, at a relative’s house, on their approach to class or to the shop. The home which was a protected paradise for each youngster is not, at this point sheltered nor are where these kids spend the better piece of their day. A few inquiries wait in the brain as one attempts to make sense of why Kenyan culture has apparently turned along these lines. Was this insidiousness ever-present however just not detailed in the manner it is today? Is it a miserable reality as of late uncovered, or a developing present day threat? Does it get from obliviousness, perversity, or outright detestable? Are these the indications of the most recent days as depicted in the Book of Revelations as some would have it, or would they say they are only representations of a rotting society? Also, how would we stop this horrifying presence? One doesn't need to be a dedicated Christian to trust a grinder will be thrown about the neck of every single culprit before they are tossed into the water. Neither does one need to be a traditionalist to accept that the improvement of our advanced society has had a task to carry out. In any case, this shocking issue must be critically tended to. 3. 0: BODY: 3. 1: DEFINATION OF DEFILMENT: Oxford word reference: to harm the immaculateness or the presence of something. Sexual Offenses Act: S. 8 an individual who submits a demonstration which causes infiltration with a youngster. . 2: BACKGROUND OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN KENYA: The African man has consistently been seen as better than the lady. A large portion of the African societies depict the man as a prevalent being who ought to be obeyed beyond a shadow of a doubt. Then again the lady is painted as a compliant animal profited for the joy of men. This is appropriately shown in a large portion of the Kenyan societies. For instance, the k ikuyu culture calls the man mundu murume the word murume is gotten from the word urume which implies incredibly valiant. Interestingly, the lady is known as mutumia which is gotten from the word tumia which means use. This is a significant motivation behind why the kikuyu man views himself as the prevailing sex as well as observes a lady just as a vessel for his utilization (Kariuki 2004). Most societies depict the young lady kid as a venture and for the most part when her chance to get hitched comes what makes a difference is the lady of the hour value they will get. Frequently when a young lady is getting hitched her folks will encourage her to comply with her better half and deal with him in case he will request back the lady of the hour value (Davison 1989). The kid then again is raised being instructed that it is soft spot for a man to surrender to feeling as it makes you like a lady. What's more, as most men age, they figure out how to counteract or deny sexual vibes that are not explicitly connected to what they think a genuine man is to feel (Stoltenberg 1989:33). The young men are raised up discovering that a man gives guidelines that ought to be followed beyond a shadow of a doubt and even couple of Kenyan people group have supported reprimanding of ladies. Taking care of business is estimated through viciousness and sex capacity. Along these lines, when manliness is related with hostility and sex success ,overbearing sexual conduct and viciousness become not just a methods for organizing power relations among people , yet in addition a method of building up power relations among men (Heise 1995). In Kenya, it arrives at its most outrageous articulation perhaps among the Gusii, for which LeVine (1959) composed that all sex was played as assault with ladies even in marriage expected to oppose 3. 3: STATISTICS ON DEFILEMENT IN KENYA: * In 1991-in a blended boys’ school, young men attacked girls’ residence and assaulted 70 young ladies prompting 19 passings. 2 May 1992, 15 young ladies were assaulted at Hawinga Girls, Nyanza area. * A joint report by TSC and a non-productive association uncovered that 12660 understudies were explicitly manhandled by their male educators from 2003-2007. Out of all these solitary 633 educators were accused of sexual maltreatment. * In 2010 in excess of 1000 educators were terminated for explicitly manhandling young ladies. * In a standard paper article distributed on 09/02/2010 there was an account of an instructor who debased a hard of hearing young lady getting her pregnant. * In 2004, 140 instances of understudies being debased by instructors were accounted for, in 2008, 100 cases were accounted for and in 2009, 122 cases were accounted for. Out of each 100 assault cases dealt with by police, youngster rights gatherings, and chose emergency clinics, 40 were carried out by fathers; as indicated by the examination directed by the Chambers of Justice * Police measurements demonstrated that assault and contamination were the most predominant violations in 2010 even as different offenses diminished by 5%. *

Supreme Court free essay sample

It at that point moved towards the boat disassembling site of Alang in May 2006, yet an application in the Supreme Court of India kept it from entering Indian waters. In view of the storm, the proprietor of the boat around then, argued philanthropic grounds and the Court allowed jetty at Pipavav port close Alang. 5 days in the wake of being tied down, it was stranded at Alang penetrating the request for the Supreme Court that just allowed its mooring. All through this agenda, the Norwegian Cruise Line offered the boat to Bridgend Shipping of Monrovia for rejecting. It was then offered to Haryana Ship Demolition Pvt. Ltd, which at long last offered it to its present proprietor Priya Blue Industries Pvt. Ltd, a boat destroying organization in Alang. Such a training is usually utilized by European shipowners so as to maintain a strategic distance from their commitment to clean ships before they send it for rejecting. 21 19 See Anonymous, note 4 above. 20 See note 5 above. 1 Lyla Bavadam, Shipload of Trouble, Frontline, 16 November 2007. We will compose a custom exposition test on Incomparable Court or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page An open intrigue prosecution testing the import of unsafe squanders into the nation was documented in 1995 in the Supreme Court of India by the Research Resource Policy. The appeal gave that the import of dangerous/harmful squanders imperiling nature and light ot the individuals ot India is illegal . 22 It is under this writ appeal, that in September 2007 the Supreme Court of India conceded the consent to destroy the Blue Lady at Alang. 23 The Supreme Court requested the constitution of a Committee of Technical Experts (hereinafter alluded to as CTE) whose errand was to see if the foundation as existing at Alang by and by is adequate24 so as to disassemble the Blue Lady. The Supreme Court of India explicitly requested that the Committee audit three viewpoints: regardless of whether pre-conditions for disassembling have been agreed to; whether 80 percent of the asbestos is reusable; what steps have been taken to control the natural effects of asbestos dust produced during the time spent dismantling;25 The report was put together by the CTE on May 2007 and acknowledged by the Court on September 2007. The Supreme Court contended that it acknowledged the report 22 See Research Foundation for Science Technology and Natural Resource Policy v. Association of India and Others, Supreme Court of India, Civil Original Jurisdiction Writ Petition no. 657 of 1995, accessible at http://www. elaw. organization/hub/1400. 23 Research Foundation for Science Technology and Natural Resource Policy v. Association of India and Others, Supreme Court of India, Civil Original Jurisdiction Writ Petition no. 657 of 1995, Judgment of 11 September 2007. 24 ld. 25 ld. for the most part since it was all unavoidable and it contains assessments of master including resigned navel officials. 26 According to the report grounding is an irreversible procedure.

Hacking Defined :: essays research papers

A. What is hacking? Â Â Â Â Â Hacking is the demonstration of infiltrating PC frameworks to pick up information about the framework and how it functions. Â Â Â Â Â Hacking is illicit in light of the fact that we request free access to ALL information, and we get it. This annoys individuals and we are outcasted from society, and so as to avoid jail, we should keep our status of being a programmer/phreaker a mystery. We can't talk about our discoveries with anybody yet different individuals from the hacking/phreaking network inspired by a paranoid fear of being rebuffed. We are rebuffed for needing to learn. For what reason is the legislature investing tremendous measures of energy and cash to capture programmers when there are other substantially more hazardous individuals out there. It is the killers, attackers, fear based oppressors, criminals, and burglers who ought to be rebuffed for what they have done, not programmers. We don't represent a danger to anybody. We are NOT out to hurt individuals or there PCs. I concede that there are a few people out there who call themselves programmers and who intentionally harm PCs. In any case, these individuals are hoodlums, NOT programmers. I couldn't care less what the administration says, we are NOT crooks. We are doing whatever it takes not to adjust or harm any framework. This is generally misconstrued. Perhaps one day individuals will trust us when we state that all we need is to learn. Â Â Â Â Â There are just two different ways to dispose of programmers and phreakers. One is to dispose of PCs and phones, in which case we would find different methods for getting what we want.(Like that is truly going to occur.) The other route is to give us what we need, which is free access to ALL data. Until one of those two things occur, we are most certainly not going anyplace. B. Why hack? Â â â â â Â Â Â Â Â As said above, we hack to pick up information about frameworks and the way they work. We would prefer not to harm frameworks in any capacity. In the event that you do harm a framework, you WILL get captured. In any case, on the off chance that you don't harm anything, it is impossible that you will be seen, not to mention be found and captured, which costs a lot of time what's more, cash. Â Â Â Â Â Beginners should peruse all the documents that they can get their hands on about anything even remotely identified with hacking and phreaking, BEFORE they begin hacking. I realize it sounds idiotic and exhausting yet it will definetly pay off later on. The more you read about hacking what's more, phreaking, the more improbable it is that you will get captured. Hacking Defined :: expositions look into papers A. What is hacking? Â Â Â Â Â Hacking is the demonstration of entering PC frameworks to pick up information about the framework and how it functions. Â Â Â Â Â Hacking is unlawful in light of the fact that we request free access to ALL information, and we get it. This annoys individuals and we are outcasted from society, and so as to avoid jail, we should keep our status of being a programmer/phreaker a mystery. We can't talk about our discoveries with anybody however different individuals from the hacking/phreaking network inspired by a paranoid fear of being rebuffed. We are rebuffed for needing to learn. For what reason is the administration investing enormous measures of energy and cash to capture programmers when there are other considerably more risky individuals out there. It is the killers, attackers, psychological militants, ruffians, and burglers who ought to be rebuffed for what they have done, not programmers. We don't represent a danger to anybody. We are NOT out to hurt individuals or there PCs. I concede that there are a few people out there who call themselves programmers and who intentionally harm PCs. Be that as it may, these individuals are hoodlums, NOT programmers. I couldn't care less what the administration says, we are NOT lawbreakers. We are doing whatever it takes not to modify or harm any framework. This is generally misconstrued. Possibly one day individuals will trust us when we state that all we need is to learn. Â Â Â Â Â There are just two different ways to dispose of programmers and phreakers. One is to dispose of PCs and phones, in which case we would find different methods for getting what we want.(Like that is truly going to occur.) The other route is to give us what we need, which is free access to ALL data. Until one of those two things occur, we are definitely not going anyplace. B. Why hack? Â â â â â Â Â Â Â Â As said above, we hack to pick up information about frameworks and the way they work. We would prefer not to harm frameworks in any capacity. In the event that you do harm a framework, you WILL get captured. In any case, on the off chance that you don't harm anything, it is far-fetched that you will be seen, not to mention be found and captured, which costs a lot of time also, cash. Â Â Â Â Â Beginners should peruse all the records that they can get their hands on about anything even remotely identified with hacking and phreaking, BEFORE they begin hacking. I realize it sounds inept and exhausting yet it will definetly pay off later on. The more you read about hacking furthermore, phreaking, the more improbable it is that you will get captured.

How to Get College Board Sat Papers Done

<h1>How to Get College Board Sat Papers Done</h1><p>Board papers are not that basic in most secondary schools. Numerous understudies may be enduring some exhausting and difficult to-understand articles. It really is great that there are different methods of becoming more acquainted with the understudy better.</p><p></p><p>For numerous secondary school understudies, it may be a lot schoolwork. There is no compelling reason to stress over investing more energy attempting to complete the entirety of the assignments. On the off chance that they can get additional assistance from an advocate or mentor, that will be an incredible help.</p><p></p><p>Having additional hands around the room can truly help with schoolwork. A coach can go over the assignments, give a couple of pointers and indicates, and go over normal slip-ups in language structure. This will make the work simpler for them. Understudies can anticipate additional assistance recorded as a hard copy and in deduction on their feet.</p><p></p><p>Counselors likewise will in general know which understudies would profit the most from additional assistance. That is the thing that they represent considerable authority in - helping understudies who need a touch of help in grades. They can likewise help kids with some additional work in the event that they need extra help.</p><p></p><p>Before you recruit a mentor, look at the person who might give additional assistance. Some of them are downright awful at their employments. In the event that a guide is working admirably, it ought to be evident by taking a gander at the manner in which they converse with students.</p><p></p><p>A great mentor is somebody who really has some involvement in coaching. The individual in question should realize how to cause understudies to feel great and they ought to likewise realize how to move toward them. The instructing style is additionally significant in surveying and assessing the students.</p><p></p><p>Once a guide has consented to enable you, to discover how long they have chipped away at your assignments. That will give you a thought of the amount they charge for their administrations. You ought to likewise look at what sort obviously work they cover.</p><p></p><p>To complete school board sat papers, check with your state's training office. There are different techniques that you can use to find support to get ready for tests. You may require additional assistance on a test that you would some way or another experience no difficulty answering.</p>

Researches Essay Samples

<h1>Researches Essay Samples</h1><p>You can take research article tests for instance and use them to consider exposition keeping in touch with yourself or find support from a companion. I might want to show you a way that is very easy to do and it will take close to 30 minutes of your time per essay.</p><p></p><p>This process is called list of sources looking and it's a similar method that you would utilize while doing your examination regarding a matter like exploration exposition tests or exploration article models. It's actually very basic once you realize how to do it.</p><p></p><p>For model, suppose you are perusing research exposition tests that manage subjects like government, schools or writing. There are a few classes and you can make a list of sources for every one and get the reference for it with the goal that you have the data you have to compose an essay.</p><p></p><p>So for instan ce, in case you're perusing exposition tests about schools, you will have a list of sources that will have a rundown of the considerable number of books by that writer and they ought to contain the names of the source, the time of distribution and the page number. The entirety of this data is basic data for understudies to utilize when composing their essays.</p><p></p><p>If you are perusing papers that have been expounded regarding any matter other than your primary point then you can utilize similar strategies to make a book index and spare yourself some time. The principal thing you will need to do is locate the primary point or topic of the article, at that point take a gander at the second sentence.</p><p></p><p>Look for passages breaks and experience each section and make a note of the passage number and afterward experience and get the name of the writer, the source, the time of distribution and the page number. With this data y ou would now be able to make a book index for each article that you read.</p><p></p><p>Then you simply need to rehash this procedure for each paper so as to make a list of sources for each exposition you read. This is an exceptionally speedy and simple procedure that can spare you time and permit you to concentrate on the article you are composing and not need to stress over what your book index looks like.</p><p></p><p>Now you have a layout is consistently something to be thankful for and afterward you can return and begin dealing with your paper. Presently this doesn't imply that in the event that you haven't done it previously, you ought to do it over, yet as you do your exploration, you will find that when you are doing your examination, this is a valuable procedure to do, it makes your life simpler and permits you to concentrate on what you are doing.</p>

Details of Writing a Research Paper Middle School Lesson Plan

<h1> Details of Writing a Research Paper Middle School Lesson Plan </h1> <p>If you don't watch the measures you require, essentially let us know and we can have them stacked for you! While jargon is critical to perusing kids start developing their jargon some time before they start figuring out how to peruse and continue building their jargon long once they have aced the essentials of perusing. More than once presenting kids to jargon words in a wide range of settings carries expanded profundity as far as anyone is concerned of the word and acknowledgment. Thusly, it runs with magnificent exactness without any personal times. </p> <p>When an organization proprietor says Not intrigued it might be a result of a few reasons. For instance, suppose you need understudies to realize how to reword investigate. Get your work done before strolling into the organization. </p> <h2>Writing a Research Paper Middle School Lesson Plan Fundamentals Explained </h2> <p>Whenever you have up close and personal time the organization proprietor gets the chance to see your actual character and what kind of an individual what your identity is. Check whether you're ready to utilize the exercise center or an outside space. You should pick a subject, do the exploration for it, at that point endeavor to expound on all that you found- - and on the off chance that you think like numerous people, you endeavor to do this the night prior to it's expected. For the most part, understudies will be ready to perceive your slip-up, particularly in the event that you contend something contrary to the position they'd take. </p> <p>The essential distinction is that stations are something that might be implanted inside a workshop system. Paper plane development is a notable intrigue and heaps of ways are conceivable to build model lightweight flyers and planes. Incidentally, obtaining a simple and methodical spot spares your time, on the g rounds that there's no compelling reason to attempt to discover a book, an elastic, a ruler or some different supplies. Understudies are to imagine they are on a boat that is amidst a tempest. </p> <h2> Want to Know More About Writing a Research Paper Middle School Lesson Plan? </h2> <p>It take only a tad of time to get familiar with the markers however it's an awesome strategy to interface with your infant as you instruct them about language and children imagine that it is a decent arrangement of fun. The focal point of the card ought to have a statement or the significant thought from their examination content. Today you would flip the card over and think about the image of the dairy animals by methods for your child. For example, on the off chance that you have a heap of creature streak cards you would introduce your child the term cow. </p> <p>Keep as a primary concern an article that doesn't have bibliographical data isn't of any utilization as possiblenot refer to the source. Set up an arrangement and disclose to them that you can offer exceptional arrangements that could carry out the responsibility. Regardless of whether it is a page on a site, a picture from the net, or an individual email, documentation is the ideal method to give props'' where they're expected. Different administrations gave by scholarly gateways The papers are conveyed in time. </p> <h2>A Startling Fact about Writing a Research Paper Middle School Lesson Plan Uncovered </h2> <p>There are a considerable amount of points of interest to showing your child to peruse early. Getting in a situation to write in the past contingent is very advantageous. The best thing about collaborating with us for your adolescent's training or your class educational plan is that we offer you modest on-line course books which are likewise of the best quality. The perfect spot to begin is to consider what you might want to expound on. </p> &l t;h2> Things You Should Know About Writing a Research Paper Middle School Lesson Plan </h2> <p>Vocabulary is likewise huge in understanding perception. It has a significant impact in figuring out how to peruse. Composing exercises are very mainstream with understudies and I am certain you're keen on boosting your composing capacities. It don't should be troublesome. </p> <p>Picking a heavenly theme has become the most critical part composing a paper. In addition, select a point that you can promptly oversee. The subject is one which can be examined for a length timeframe and has various viewpoints for the blogger to manage. You don't need a subject that is excessively wide, or you won't be in a situation to cover enough insights concerning it in your paper. </p> <p>The strategy which you utilize should be reasonable to the kind of paper you're composing. Having a fantastic blueprint tells you comprehend the best way to form an exploration paper for center school. Increment your hand when you know one. Finally, you make it to the finish of the human body of the paper. </p> <p>If you're composing a speedy research paper for center school or early generous school, you won't be relied upon to look into very as broadly and will probably not need to choose a surprisingly thin subject. On the off chance that you wish to gain high superb research and proposition papers in time and at a reasonable cost, you ought to presumably endeavor utilizing EssaySupply.com. For instance, if it's an English class paper, picking a subject on financial aspects won't do except if it's endorsed by your instructor. Pick a point The absolute initial step to composing a great research paper is picking a theme that is as per the requests of your paper. </p> <p>Some preschools urge guardians to go to the class each time they are capable, or to participate with various interests. Utilizing a deck of playing a game of cards, the understudies will pick the assortment of reps for various activities. Not all understudies are probably going to require this exercise. Som e center and higher school understudies should modify their presentation sections a few times before they are good to go to proceed. </p>

What You Dont Know About Easy Argumentative for 6th Grade Essay Topics Could Be Costing to More Than You Think

<h1> What You Don't Know About Easy Argumentative for sixth Grade Essay Topics Could Be Costing to More Than You Think </h1> <h2> Easy Argumentative for sixth Grade Essay Topics Options </h2> <p>Thus, you can ask all the fundamental inquiries and counsel on certain focuses. So guarantee that you select a subject, which has values in it. Designing is among the means on the most ideal path to your favored evaluation. </p> <p>Anyway, underneath, you will discover theme that are brilliant for the two conditions. Yearly driving tests should be required over a particular age. They ought to be required for the initial five years subsequent to getting a permit. Further, sum up your significant contentions. </p> <p>School ought to happen in the nighttimes. School tests aren't viable. Understudies should be allowed to implore in school. They have occupied existences and frequently disregard an up and coming cutoff time. </p> <h2> Getting the Best Easy Argumentative for sixth Grade Essay Topics</h2> <p>To find factious exposition points simple on different stages, you should understand about the pugnacious paper. Pugnacious article is tied in with belligerence and bantering regarding a matter, which is far from being obviously true. A pugnacious article expects you to pick a theme and have a situation on it. It is a specific kind of scholarly composition. </p> <p>Having chose a fantastic theme to contend about, now you have to make a contentious exposition layout. Your proposition should be pertinent so the report can utilize a structure that is adaptable so as to fit in the shoes of the perusers. Exploring the point grants you to discover increasingly about what interests you, and should you pick something you really like, composing the paper will be progressively pleasant. As far as the association of the last article, it's prudent to utilize a 5-passage structure. </p> <p>Don't disregard to check with the prerequisites you get from your educator. To make a solid pugnacious article, understudies should begin by acquainting themselves with some of the normal, and regularly clashing, positions on the exploration subject so they can compose an informed paper. Since sixth grade understudies should form articles all the more habitually, they have to look into certain points early. </p> <p>If you should make a pugnacious paper, the absolute first thing you should do is to comprehend its chief highlights and structure. The subject must be intriguing, the point must be basic lastly the theme must be enlightening. Besides, it is exceptionally fitting to choose the point which will be fascinating to the crowd. Realize which of the themes, you by and by have a genuinely decent foundation on which will make it workable for you to have a relative edge. </p> <h2> The New Fuss About Easy Argumentative for sixth Grade Essay Topics </h2> <p>In any case, your factious article may be appeared before the whole gathering as an outline of extraordinary work. Getting in a situation to make a solid contention can assist you with prevailing in the public eye. At the point when you have the subject, answer the inquiry and after that help your answer with at least three clarifications for why you trust it. At the point when you are mentioned to choose an in credible theme for your contention, start with something you're familiar with. </p> <p>By method of model, in school, you may be mentioned to form a paper from the contradicting viewpoint. The absolute initial step is the place a great deal of understudies become stuck. The job of doling out an article to center school understudies is to make mindfulness and grant them to create composing aptitudes. To make a breathtaking factious paper the understudies initially should research a few sides of the contention, permitting them to make an informed position. </p>

What Is The Main Purpose In Writing An Informative Essay Game?

<h1>What Is The Main Purpose In Writing An Informative Essay Game?</h1><p>An intuitive paper quizlet resembles a game where one needs to respond to an inquiry to dominate the match. The configuration of this game is like the great test. Fundamentally, these games depend on question-answer strategy and they can be played online too.</p><p></p><p>The question is the most significant thing that should be offered an explanation to dominate the match. There are numerous alternatives accessible in this sort of game. The first and the most widely recognized decision for these games are to put the inquiry toward the start of the report and the appropriate response is the article or the composed answers.</p><p></p><p>The primary object is to respond to the inquiry just as dominating the match. It can likewise be played by playing against another player. These games are very amusing to play due to their straightforward and simpl e style of play.</p><p></p><p>One doesn't need to be acceptable in English to address an inquiry. Truth be told, you should simply to locate the correct word and complete the sentence as expressed. In the event that you are sufficient, you can answer it with the assistance of a clear bit of paper or even with a number cruncher. This exposition tests will assist you with scoring high with your own paper.</p><p></p><p>These sorts of papers are generally identified with subjects like history, topography, sociologies and history. Some inquiry might be as basic as what number of states there are in America or if there are four seasons in the year. Most inquiries are presented as inquiries with the appropriate responses on where they are found. A couple of instances of the inquiries and the appropriate responses are as follows:</p><p></p><p>It isn't vital that the inquiry and the appropriate response are found at a si milar spot. For instance, if the appropriate response is at the capital of the nation, it isn't fundamental that you should know the capital of the nation. There is a likelihood that the capital might be anyplace in the country.</p><p></p><p>These kinds of article tests are extremely intriguing for the individuals who love composing papers. They are intended to be played on the web. It is easy to set up your own internet game where you can step through the exam. Online scores can be looked at and you can look at your focuses and your score and pick which one is better.</p><p></p><p>However, there are a few impediments in this kind of game. Initially, you can't utilize streak when you are stepping through the examination thus you can't have the option to perceive what is on the screen when you are experiencing the game. In addition, it won't be a test in the event that you don't think a lot about composing essays.</p>

The Insider Secret on Cool Unfiction Essay Topics Revealed

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Writing an Essay About Yourself - Easy Tips To Help You Out

Writing an Essay About Yourself - Easy Tips To Help You OutWhen writing an essay about yourself, you'll want to focus on your strengths and give some examples of the positive traits you are most proud of. Often, we get distracted from this by how difficult the subject is and how much time it takes to write about us. Therefore, the secret is to use humor or perhaps just a few anecdotes to lighten the mood.We need to help the student to relax enough to get a few interesting information to write about and also to help them focus. Let's look at some examples of things you can say to help yourself and give a few examples of the success stories.One of the ways to bring light to your essay about yourself is to talk about your personal experiences or your hobbies. We often forget about this as we usually read about people's careers and the problems they've had along the way. However, these are important to talk about so that students remember who they are and what drives them. For example, l et's take a look at someone who works on their computer all day long.A story about why this person enjoys working at their computer so much is something that would really help. Even though you may not mention it directly, they are doing something that makes them happy and that adds to their enjoyment of the job.As you look for an essay about yourself example to put together, consider not only what you are proud of but how you think other people will feel when they read it. In the end, the student will be excited to read it.There are some very good articles about what you should include in your essay about yourself, and we recommend that you find one that focuses on your career or how your achievements have impacted your life. This gives you a great guide to help you write the essay in the right way. By finding an example of your personal attributes and a few examples of the successes you've had, you'll find that it's easier to figure out where to begin. You will have a few brief par agraphs to fill in and then a few examples of success you can use to make your own essay an even better piece of work.

An assessment of the importance of infrastructure investment in the... - Free Essay Example

Declaration of originality Abstract Table of contents List of tables? List of figures? Acknowledgements CHAPTER 1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" INTRODUCTION Rationale for the research Research Aim Research Objectives Outline Methodology for the research Dissertation Contents CHAPTER 2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction Monetary Policy A review of the Construction Industry in the UK Economy Introduction to Infrastructure Works What is infrastructure? Types of infrastructure A review of Public and Private Investment within the infrastructure sector CHAPTER 3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" RESEARCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY 3.1 CHAPTER 4 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" DATA COLLECTION ANALYSIS Introduction Case Study Analysis CHAPTER 5 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" CONCLUSION The Dissertation Aim Research Objectives Personal Recommendations Limitations of the Research Further Research Acknowledgements In 1999, I completed the 1st year of the full-time Quantity Surveying course at Glasgow Caledonian University before moving to America in 2001. After a five-year stay, I returned to Glasgow in September 2006 and re-enrolled in the Part-time Quantity Surveying course. Ten years on from the first experience of the QS course, it gives me great pleasure and pride to be submitting one of the last pieces of work in the honours year. It has been an amazing and unexpected journey. I would not be in this position if it were not for the incredible levels of support and encouragement shown by so many and would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge some of these people. First, I would like to thank Raymond McCafferty Michael Heggarty of Cruden Building Renewals for employing me and giving me this opportunity. Their continued support and encouragement throughout this process has given me the focus and drive to continually improve my work. My colleagues at Cruden also deserve a special mention for their support during the dissertation and without the laughs during the day; this process would have been so much more difficult. Thanks guys!!! I would also like to thank Halbert Mills at Glasgow Caledonian University for accepting me back into the course and believing that I had the potential to get to this stage. During the course of this dissertation, I had some challenging times when I felt like I did not know how to develop my chosen topic. I would like to give my sincere thanks to my supervisor, Dr. John Lowe, for his inspirational input when I had these difficulties. Unfortunately, I cannot name everyone but I want to thank all my friends and family who without their support I would never have completed this piece of work. Mum, Dad, Gran, thank you so much for everything. Finally, the love and support shown by my Wife, Brooke, during this process has been a major source of inspiration. We will both be glad when the late night studying and completing of projects is finally over. Peter McLellan 1. Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Rationale for the Study à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Infrastructure forms the economic backbone of the UK. It is the fabric that defines us as a modern industrialised nation. The standard and resilience of infrastructure in the UK has a direct relationship to the growth and competitiveness of our economy.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Skinner, 2010) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“For the UK to retain its competitive edge, a longer-term view of investment in infrastructure must lead policy making.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Stewart, 2009) This dissertation offers an opportunity to explore and research a highly topical issue. The United Kingdom finds itself still in the midst of one of the worst economic downturns in recent memory and in a period of fiscal consolidation. As a result of this depressed economic situation, difficult decisions have had to be made by all sectors within the UK to work together to drive the country out of the recession. The recent edition of the Economic and fiscal Strategy Report and Financial Statement and budget by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, highlights the importance of implementing measures that will promote sustainable growth. Despite modest growths to GDP of 0.4 per cent in the final quarter in 2009 (NSO, 2010), the general consensus is that the United Kingdom is in the early stages of recovery. The 2010 budget, called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Securing the recoveryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, outlines ways in which it aims to support this vision. One of these policies, is to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“invest in infrastructure, including additional funding for transport and local roads and creating a Green Investment bank.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (UK Budget, 2010) Also, the Eddington Report, published on 1 Dec 2006, was a study jointly commissioned by the Secretary of State for Transport and the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Its role was to analyse the long-term relationships, within the boundaries of the Governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s wider commitment to sustainable development, between transport and the UKs growth, stability and economic productivity. The findings of this study will be discussed and compared to the investment required to meet the future demands of the UK. Furthermore, in a recent study carried out by the British Chambers of Commerce (BCC), it revealed that inadequate energy, transport, and communications infrastructure continues to reduce the opportunity for UK businesses to grow. It also outlines that during this period when businesses play a vital role in the recovery of the economy, productivity is being affected as a result of lack of capacity, thus restricting the UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic potential. (BCC survey, 2010) In response to the survey carried out in 2010, David Frost, the Director general of the BCC stated the following: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s infrastructure is crucial to the success of its businesses. In the current environment of economic uncertainty and public spending constraints, our energy, digital, and transport networks must be up to the job if business is to deliver growth and create employment.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? The intriguing situation that the UK Government now face is deciding the best way to stimulate economic growth without increasing the deficit. One of the issues with increasing deficits is the Government will have to borrow to service the debt. As a result of the world-banking crisis over the last few years, there is reluctance to increase the UK debt further and therefore this might have an impact on infrastructure investment in this country. This dissertation provides an opportunity to research the level of infrastructure required in the UK and review the part it plays to the long-term sustainable growth of the UK economy. Furthermore, in doing so, the author intends to see if further investment in Infrastructure wo rks is viable in the current economic climate. 1.2 Aim The aim of this dissertation is to assess the importance of infrastructure investment in the United Kingdom and how this impacts on the long-term sustainable growth of the UK Economy given the current economic constraints. 1.3 Objectives To review Fiscal and Monetary policy theories available to the UK Government. To review the current and future demands for infrastructure works in the UK. To understand the level of importance of infrastructure work investment to the UK economy. To understand the roles, responsibilities and options available to public and private bodies in raising capital to invest in infrastructure works in the UK. To highlight the economic and social benefits gained as a result of increased investment in chosen infrastructure sectors by utilising hypothetical cost model projections. 1.4 Outline Methodology of the Research 1.5 Dissertation Contents Chapter 2 Provides an extensive Literature review on the topic area. The author will provide a general overview of economic theory, introduction to infrastructure, and a review of the relevant studies published worldwide that reveal intellectual thoughts on infrastructure investment impact on the economy. This will be carried out in the way of both descriptive and an analytical approach to all the appropriate literature sourced to aid in this dissertation. Naoum (2007) states à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It is descriptive in that it describes the work of previous writers and it is analytical in that it critically analyses the contribution of others with a view of identifying similarities and contradictions made by previous writersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. According to Naoum (2007), the literature review will serve two purposes. First, it allows for gathering of information to allow development of issues and themes within the chosen topic that ultimately shape the research design. Second, the literature review will help form the basis of the research design by analysing previous research designs. Chapter 3 Chapter 3 introduces the reader to the numerous research techniques available to the author and will highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each and merits of each approach, before indicating the chosen methods of quantitative analysis technique Chapter 3 examines the various research techniques that were available to the author and describes the strengths and weaknesses of each of the approaches in respect to the available data. In particular this chapter presents the reasoning behind the authorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s decision to adopt the quantitative analysis technique and explains how this approach was applied. This chapter also describes the source of the data and highlights any potential bias or limitations that the author experienced within the analysis. Furthermore this chapter explicitly explains the process for selecting and categorising the appropriate data prior to analysis in a consistent manner. John Hannah paragraph Chapter 4 Chapter 4 builds upon the process described in the previous chapter and examines the primary source of data to assess what trends are evident with each of the particular categories. This section goes on to expand upon the original quantitative analysis and examine a series of quantitative case studies to assess the extent of early warning events and compensation events that occurred on completed projects. John Hannah paragraph Chapter 5 In conclusion, chapter 5 summarises the findings of this research and consider if the original aim and objectives have been achieved. Finally, this chapter discusses the authorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s findings and proposes a list of recommendations for future studies. John Hannah paragraph 2. Chapter Literature Review 2.1 Introduction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The purpose of research is to make a contribution, however small, towards understanding the phenomenon being studied and ultimately towards the total body of knowledgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Parahoo, 2006) The intended purpose of the following literature review is to provide a general background to the chosen topic that will aid in the understanding of the following areas: How the UK Economy functions and what factors drive it. Description analysis of previous research on the impact of infrastructure investment on the economy. The role the construction industry plays in the UK Economy. The information presented within the literature review will enhance the readerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s knowledge of the topic with a view of providing clarity and understanding on the findings presented in chapter 4. Economic Theories à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“There are conflicts of opinion on economic theory. For instance, monetarists argue that rises in the money supply cause inflation whereas Keynesians argue that it is changes in inflation which cause changes in the money supplyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Stanlake Grant, 1995) Keynesian Economics John Maynard Keynes was a British economist whose ideas have been a central influence on modern macroeconomics, both in theory and practice. He advocated interventionist government policy, by which governments would use fiscal and monetary measures to mitigate the adverse effects of business cycles, economic recessions, and depressions. His ideas are the basis for the school of thought known as Keynesian economics. Keynes solution to poor economic state is to introduce impetus spending or as the US President Franklin Roosevelt described, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"prime the pumpà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Keynes argues that the government should step in to increase spending, either by increasing the money supply or by actually buying things on the market itself. A supporter of Keynesian economics believes it is the governments job to smooth out the bumps in business cycles. Intervention would come in the form of government spending and tax breaks in order to stimulate the economy, and government spending cuts and tax hikes in good times, in order to curb inflation. Alternative Economic Theories Since Keynesian economics advocates for the public sector to step in to assist the economy generally, it is a significant departure from popular economic thought, which preceded it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  laissez-fair capitalism. Laissez-fair capitalism supported the exclusion of the public sector in the market. A number of laissez faire consequences are drawn from Says law. Say also advocated public works to remedy unemployment. Say argued against claims that business was suffering because people did not have enough money and more money should be printed. Say argued that the power to purchase could be increased only by more production and is also best known for coining the phrase supply creates ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own demand (Curwen, 1997) James Mill used Says Law against those who sought to give economy a boost via unproductive consumption. Consumption destroys wealth, in contrast to production which is the source of economic growth. The demand for the product determines the price of the product, but not if it will be consumed. Alternatively, Keynes is an advocate of trying to stimulate consumption by government intervention. Views on Economic thoeries Cutting support now, as some are demanding, would run the real risk of choking off the recovery even before it started, and prolonging the global downturn. (Darling, 2009) If consumers, markets and businesses get the message that government wants to carry on spending and isnt serious about dealing with the deficit, they will start to conclude that the UK is no longer a safe place to invest in, spend in or build a business in, (Cameron, 2009) Importance of Construction industry to UK Economy A recent survey commissed by the UK Contractors Group and carried out by LEK Consulting to demonstrate the impacts of the Construction industry on the UK Economy was distributed September 2009. The main aim of this report was to specifically highlight the benefits of investing in construction. The report covered 3 main areas: Contribution of the construction industry at national and regional level. Key contribution that construction makes to national employent levels. The role that the construction industry plays in the broader economic and social objectives. The reports contention is that the construction industry is vital to the overall UK economy while still being in a recession as it provides the following: Construction is a major contributor to the UK DGP. Construction sector employs circa  £3m people throughout 300,000 firms. Construction is also an important driver for other sectors, without which there would be a loss of domestic production capacity and skills. The report, Construction in the UK economy: The Benefits of Investment, shows that construction is the best sector for stimulating employment. It also shows that every  £1 spent on construction leads to an increase in GDP of  £2.84, as the spending not only creates construction output worth  £1, but also stimulates growth elsewhere in the economy worth  £1.84. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“With the Chancellorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Pre-Budget Report looming, the CBI is continuing to press the case for protecting capital spending by government.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (John Cridland, CBI Deputy-Director General, 2009) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A strong economy needs fit-for-purpose schools and hospitals, and it will be the construction industry that builds the new transport and energy infrastructure needed to shift to a low-carbon economy. (John Cridland, CBI Deputy-Director General, 2009) Introduction to Infrastructure Works Infrastructure investment impact: Previous Research Over the last 30 years there have been various economic models developed to help in the research of the impact of infrastructure investment on the economy. The in-depth empirical studies have mainly utilised macro-economic level data, which includes cross-state and cross-country data. (Straub, 2007) edinburgh paper According to the studies carried out by Aschauer (1989) he states that when analysing the importance of public investment to the productivity improvement and economic growth, added weight must be attributed to the public investment decisions made by the Government. Furthermore, the study indicates increased productivity and growth in the economy by investing in areas such as highways, sewers, streets, and water systems. To ascertain these findings, Aschauer took the average annual growth rates of total factor productivity and the non-military public capital stock in America over the period 1950-1985; Aschauerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s data indicated a close relationship between level of investment in non-military infrastructure and productivity. Put in Tables from study Further research in the United States carried out by Munnell (1990) analysed the impact of the stock of public capital on economic activity at the regional and state levels. In conclusion, Munnell found that the US states that had invested in infrastructure had greater output, increased levels of private investment, and high levels of employment growth. The study highlighted above, Aschuer (1989) estimated an elasticity of output with respect to public infrastructure capital in the United States during 1950-1985 of between 0.38 and 0.56. These results have been shown to be econometrically suspect and subsequent work suggests the elasticity is much smaller. The average elasticity across OECD countries for the period 1960-2001 has recently been estimated to be 0.2 (Kanps, 2004). Aschauers paper has, however, proved very fruitful in terms of subsequent research, which it stimulated. (Crafts Leunig, 2005) A number of empirical studies have looked at the relationship between all public infrastructure investment and GDP growth. On average these studies seem to indicate a positive elasticity of output to public capital of around 0.20. Put another way, a ten per cent increase in public capital stock increases GDP by around 2 per cent. (Eddington report 2006) The eddington report suggest that there are limitations to these empirical studies and the results should be viewed with caution. OECD (2003) argues that early empirical work on the link between infrastructure investment and economic performance overstated the magnitude of the impact on GDP and productivity growth (The sources of economic growth in OECD countries, OECD, 2003) In particular, studies that focus on public investment in capital and infrastructure in a broad sense, rather than on transport specifically, do not really distinguish between types of investment in terms of new build, upgrade, maintenance etc although some do make specific conclusions about the value of transport infrastructure investment. Later studies using more complex modelling suggest a positive, albeit weaker relationships between infrastructure and GDP. These include: Kocherlakota and Yi (1997), Demetiades and mamuneas (2002), Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Fallon (2003), and Nijkamp and Poot (2004). (see figure 1.5 eddington report 2006) In 1993, Easterly and Robero carried out further research to expand on the work in this field. Called Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth: An Empirical Investigation, it details several conclusions that support the findings expressed by Aschauerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s research in 1989. It tackled areas such as the rate of growth and the level of development by employing historical data and recent cross-section data. The main findings outlined that there is a strong relationship between a countries fiscal structure and the development level and that investment levels in communication and transport is consistently correlated with growth. This therefore indicates that infrastructures are important in the economic prosperity of a nation (Easterly, Robelo 1993). Put in reference Eisner (1991) highlighted that public infrastructures not only serve as an intermediate good in physical goods production, they can also be final consumption goods. For example, water and sewage systems benefit environment, better transportation saves time spent on travelling, public parks give people pleasure, etc. Canning, Fay, and Perotti (1994) found substantial effects of physical infrastructure on economic growth based on the international data set. The strategy for national infrastructure also states, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The majority of empirical research indicates that there is positive relationship between infrastructure and economic growthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (strategy for national infrastructure, 2010). Introduction to Infrastructure What is Infrastructure? Set-up in December 2009 to help meet the infrastructure requirements in the UK for the next 10-20 years, Infrastructure UK defines Infrastructure as key economic sectors which include: Water, Waste, Energy, Transport and communications (strategy for national infrastructure, 2010). Infrastructure networks enable people, goods, energy, information, water, and waste to move efficiently around the UK and, in some cases, across its borders. The extent, capacity and quality of these networks has a direct bearing on the economy of the UK, the environment and the quality of life of everyone who lives in or visits the UK. Infrastructure Studies in the United Kingdom Extensive research carried out in the United Kingdom has indicated the level of infrastructure required for each sector and this can be cross-referenced with studies highlighted in the previous section. For example, the findings from the research carried out by Eisner, 1991 and Easterly, Robero 1993 indicated a relationship between transportation and its impact on the growth of the economy. The Eddington report was published on the 1st December 2006 and was carried out by Sir Rod Eddington under the instruction of the UK Government. The report is an examination of the impact transportation decisions will have on the UK environment and economy. The report analyses the current global economic demands and how our current transportation infrastructure must meet the demands of the 21st century. It states that with rising population and resultant greater demands on the country, higher levels of congestion and issue with reliability will have adverse effects on the economy if the correct infrastructure is not in place. It contends that by not having the required infrastructure in place it costs businesses more money while also effecting peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s social environment (Eddington Report, 2006). As well as utilising the Eisner, Easterly and Robero findings, the Eddington Report drew on research carried out in more recent times. The studies used in the development of the Eddington Report comprised: The historical significance of Transport for Economic growth and Productivity (Crafts Leunig, 2005), Step change transport improvements (Mann, 2006), and transport and labour market strategies (Gibbons Machin, 2006) Assessing transports contribution to the economy Transport can impact on the performance of the economy in a number of different ways: Transports impact on GDP à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Transport can impact on the economy and will ultimately impact on overall output. Gross domestic product (GDP) is currently the best measure of the size of the economy as it measures the total value of goods and services provided. Transport can have an impact on economic output (GDP) thorugh two channels: Firstly, transport can affect GDP though a number of inputs that are used, for example transport may increase employment either by allowing greater access to labour or stimulating the creation of new firms, which can increase the number of goods and services produced and lead to an increase in GDP. Secondly, transport can improve the efficiency with which firms use inputs, in other words transport can have an impact on productivity. For instance, a well functioning transport network can raise productivity by redusing journey times. Transport investment can impact on the drivers of productivity by encouraging prictae investment through raising its profitability; facilitating labour mobility and thereby increasing the returns in investment skills; and enabling effective competition even when economic activity is geographically dispersed. Identifying the impact of transport on productivity is important because improving productivity is a key to determinant of long-term growth and living standards. These effects can either have a one à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"off effect on the level of productivity or a sustained impact on the growth rate of productivity. Transport can impact on the growth rate of productivity by stimulating innovation through its impact on agglomeration economies, trade and foreign direct investment. In practice these dynamics are very difficult to measure, but are nevertheless extremely valuable, as they determine how quickly the economy grows and therefore the rate of growth in GDP. Transports role in supporting quality of life Critically though, GDP measures alone fail to capture the impacts of transport on the environment or its contribution to the wider well being of society. Transports impact on the environment, for example through carbon and other emissions, can increasingly lead to unsustainable growth, as well as impacting on peoples quality of life. Transport improvements that free up wasted travel time allow people to spend more time with friends and family, and enjoy more leisure activities. An economic welfare measurement would seek to measure such broader impacts of transport on society and the environment rather than just a pure GDP measure. These benefits to general well being are known as economic welfare, or welfare. The use of existing transport networks: What benefits do provide Erenburg (1994) finds that policy measures that make more efficient use of existing transport infrastructure through pricing mechanisms or other traffic management solutions can have a significant impact on growth (linking public capital to economic performance, Erenburg, 1994) Hulten and Schwab (1996) estimate that a 1 per cent increase in infrastructure effectiveness would have an impact on growth seven times larger than a 1 per cent increase in the rate of public infrastructure investment. (the public capital hypothesis: The case of Germany, Hulten and Schwab, 1996) OECD/ECMT (2001) paper on the benefits of transport concludes that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"wider economic benefits may be achieved more efficiently by introducing prices which correspond more closely to costs, or by reallocating existing infrastructure more efficiently between users, or by adopting other transport policies. (Assessing the benefits of transport, European Conference of Ministers of transport, OECD, 2001) Victoria transport policy institute (2003) argues that investment in alternative modes of transport and in management strategies to encourage more efficient use of existing road capacity tends to provide greater economic benefit than expanding existing highways to reduce congestion. The study also argues that the benefits of transport improvements are heavily dependant on local circumstances, in that they will only increase economic development where inadequate transport is a significant constraint on economic activity. EVIDENCE OF CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR TRANSPORT TO IMPACT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE ECONOMY Caning and Fay (1993) assert that infrastructure should not be seen as a factor of production but as a condition for high growth. Kessides (1993) notes that infrastructure does not create economic potential; it only develops such potential where appropriate conditions exist, i.e. other inputs such as labour and capital are available to drive output growth. Indeed, lynde and Richmond (1993), Trinder (2002), and Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Fallon (2003) assert that public and private capital are complements; that physical infrastructure requires the existence of available productive private capital in order to realise economic growth potential, and that infrastructure investment can boost the productivity of such private capital. Infrastructure investment may also feed through to increased labour productivity. Canning and pedroni (1999), banister and berechman (2000), Trinder (2002) and Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Fallon (2003) highlight other important underlying conditions that will influence the impact of transport investment on the economy (SEE REFERENCES FIGURE 1.7 EDDINGTON REPORT) In summary, these include: Economic conditions, a stable macroeconomic policy climate, local market circumstances, agglomeration, and labour market conditions Investment conditions; available funds, timing and structure of investment, type of infrastructure investment, location of investment in terms of network structure and political and institutional conditions, decision making, planning, sources, and methods of finance, level of investment, supporting legal and organisational policies and processes, and method and governance of infrastructure delivery and provision. Funding and delivery mechanisms for UK national infrastructure The National Infrastructure is funded and delivered in a number of ways: Commercially driven, user-paid infrastructure e.g. unregulated airport and ports where it is for the developer to decide what and when infrastructure is built. Any developments is then paid for by consumers (but prices are not regulated because competition exists) Commercially driven, user paid but price-regulated infrastructure with a stronger role for Government. Regulated airports are an example. Government supports investment in additional capacity but this is a commercial decision for airport operator (and where prices are regulated to protect from monopoly power). The energy sector also largely follows this model but prices are set by the market or thorough Government intervention. Price regulated businesses where independent regulators play a stronger role in determining the level and nature of investment. For example, water, where the regulator has an input into the nature of the investment programme but infrastructure investment in funded by users. Price regulated business that is funded by the taxpayer and users e.g. Network Rail. This is a model where the business is funded both by users and taxpayers where the DfT have a central role in setting out the outputs it wants from the railways and the level of funding to achieve that. The regulator sets the efficiency targets and prices for the company. Publicly decided and publicly funded infrastructure e.g. roads. Government decides where they should go, when they should be built and pays for them. This may include some provate finance but ultimately government rather than users pay. Clearly Government enjoys much greater control over infrastructure, but only a small part of the overall picture. Infrastructure essential for supporting economic activity and growth Many key investment projects rely on private finance either as direct investment or through mechanisms such as PPPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. In the current economic climate the Uk faces stiff competition in securing investment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" from private investors and from within Government budgets. In this environment, there needs to be a clear vision from Government about the future and needs for infrastructure. This will be essential to persuade the provate sector to invest in the national infrastructure and, in particular, provaste sector investors need long-term certainty in order to judge whether to commit major funds. Chapter 3 This chapter gives a brief description of the methods used for collecting independent data and why they are relevant to the research objectives. Research Strategy Quantitative à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Quantitative research is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"objectiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in nature. It is defined as an inquiry into a social or human problem, based on testing a hypothesis or a theory composed of variables, measured with numbers, and analysed with statistical procedures, in order to determine whether the hypothesis or the theory hold trueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Cresswell, 1994). This statement is expanded on further by Bouma and Atkinson (1995), who state à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Quantitative data is, therefore, not abstract, they are hard and reliable; they are measurements of tangible, countable, sensate features of the world.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? When endeavouring to find information on concepts, attributes and collating factual information and evidence on the relationships of these facts in order to appraise a theory or hypothesis, a quantitative research method should be employed. Qualitative à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Qualitative research is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"subjectiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in nature. It emphasises meanings, experiences (often verbally described), description and so on. The information gathered in qualitative research can be classified under two categories of research, namely, exploratory and attitudinal.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Naoum, 2007) As explained by Dr Naoum, qualitive research can be split into two areas of research, firstly à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“exploratory research is used when you have limited amount of knowledge about your topic. Here, the interview technique is usually selected as a method of data collectionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Naoum, 2007) and secondly à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“attitudinal research is used to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"subjectivelyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ evaluate the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"opinionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"viewà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, or the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"perceptionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of a person, towards a particular object. The term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"objectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is referred to as an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"attributeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"variableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"factorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"questionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. (Naoum, 2007) It is also essential to remember that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the data gathered under the qualitative research can later be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"quantifiedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to some extent but a qualitative approach tends to value the data as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"qualitativeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Coolican, 1993) Data Collection Within this dissertation, options for the main source of data collection include surveys and interviews, which have been selected due to the nature of the research topic and information, required to complete the report. Generally, data collection can be split into two categories of fieldwork, which is the primary data collection and desk study, which is secondary. Fieldwork à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"fieldwork researchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ refers to the methods of primary data collection used by the researcher and attention should be paid not be confused with the definition of field research as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the study of people acting in the natural courses of their daily livesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?(Naoum, 2007) This form of research can be broken down into three main approaches: Survey Case study Problem-solving approach. Experimental or observational approaches can also be used for research purposes, however, these methods require to be carried out over long periods and there is more responsibility for detailed outcomes. The survey approach à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Surveys are used to gather data from a relatively large number of respondants within a limited time frame. It is thus concerned with a generalised result when data is abstracted from a particular sample or population. There are two types of surveys available: the descriptive survey and the analytical survey.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Naoum, 2007) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The descriptive survey aims to answer such questions as: How many? Who? What is happening? Where? And When? It deals with counting the number of respondants with certain opinions/attitudes towards a specific object. The counting can be later analysed to compare or illustrate reality and trends.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Naoum, 2007) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The analytical survey aims to establish relationship and association between the attributes/objects of your questionnaire, i.e. how often an attribute is associated with another attribute within the sample questionnaire.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Naoum, 2007) Case study approach à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Case studies are used when the researcher intends to support his/her argument by an in-depth analysis of a person, a group of persons, an organisation or a particular project. As the nature of the case study focuses on one aspect of a problem, the conclusion drawn will not be generalised but, rather, related to one particular event. This is not to say that the case study approach is of limited value. On the contrary, it provides an in-depth analysis of a specific problemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Naoum, 2007) Within the case study approach, there are three types of case study approach, which can be utilised to provide evidence or information on the given topic. The three types are descriptive, analytical and explanatory case studies. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The descriptive case study which is similar to the concept of the descriptive survey (i.e. counting), except it is applied on detailed case(s).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Naoum, 2007) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The analytical case study which is similar to the concept of the analytical survey (i.e. counting, association and relationship), except it is applied on detailed case(s).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Naoum, 2007) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The explanatory case study, which is the theoretical approach to the problem. It explains causality and tries to show linkages among the objects of the study. In other words, the researcher collects facts and studies the relationship of one set of facts to another, with the hope of finding some casual relationship between them.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Naoum, 2007) Problem solving approach à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“With the survey and the case study approach, the researcher tends not to affect or interfere with that which is being studied. In the problem solving approach (also named action research), the researcher reviews the current situation, identifies the problem, gets involved in introducing some changes to improve the situation and, possibly, evaluates the effect of his/her changes.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Naoum, 2007) Secondary data collection Not unlike primary data collection which is taken first hand, secondary data collection is established from literature searched and as such is classed as a desk study. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The most significant of the advantages of the secondary data are related to time and cost. In general, it is much less expensive to use secondary data than it is to conduct a primary research investigation. This is true even when there are costs associated with obtaining secondary data. When answers to questions are required quickly, the only practical alternative is to consult secondary sources.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Stewart Kamins, 1993) Data collection techniques Further to the decision of how data is to be collected and the method of research to be used, we are able to evaluate the best technique of data collection. Initial proposals for this research dissertation for the main form of data collection include both a quantitative and a qualitative approach. Structured interviews will be one of the highlights of the research topic, as this will source primary data from industry professionals. Postal Questionnaires are also a popular method to be considered. Postal Questionnaire à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The postal questionnaire is probably the most widely used data collection technique for conducting surveys. It is most suited to surveys whose purpose is clear enough to be explained in a few paragraphs of print, in which the scheme of questions is not over-elaborated. Postal questionnaires have been widely used for descriptive and analytical surveys in order to find out facts, opinions and views on what is happening, who, where, how many or how much.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Naoum, 2007) The use of postal questionnaires, have three main advantages of economy, speed and consultation, which have been outlined as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Economy. Postal questionnaires are perceived as offering relatively high validity of results because of their wide geographic coverage. As a result, it is more suited to assembling a mass of information at a minimum expense in terms of finance, human and other resources.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Naoum, 2007) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Speed. Postal questionnaires are certainly a quick method of conducting a survey. If administered properly, the bulk of the returns will probably be received within two weeks. However, time must be allowed for late returns and responses to follow-up attempts.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Naoum, 2007) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Consultation. In certain cases respondants may not have the information to hand, particularly when the questions are of a quantitative nature, and may need to consult a document or a colleague in order to give accurate answers.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Naoum, 2007) Although there also limitations to using postal questionnaires, mainly that they must contain simple questions, inflexible technique, accuracy, no control over responses and industry fatigue. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Must contain simple questions. The postal questionnaire is only suitable for simple and straightforward questions, which can be answered with the aid of easy instructions and definitions. The questions should be very carefully worded and free from faults such as ambiguity, vagueness, technical expressions, difficult questions and so forth.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?(Naoum, 2007) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Inflexible technique. Inflexible in the sense that postal mail questionnaires do not allow the opportunity for probing. In other words, the answers have to be accepted as final and there is no opportunity to clarify ambiguity or to appraise the non-verbal behaviour of respondants, though the latter can sometimes create bias.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Naoum, 2007) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Accuracy. Respondants may answer generally when you are seeking a response on a specific level of analysis. People may also answer according to what they think you want to hear. They may answer according to their public profile rather than the underlying corporate reality.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Naoum, 2007) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“No control over respondants. This means that although you state in your questionnaire that a particular person should complete the questionnaire (such as marketing director, managing director or the site agent), there is no guarantee that this statement will ensure that the right person completed the questionnaire. However, this is less of a problem than not getting a response at all, given the fact that response rates for postal surveys usually range between 40 and 60 percent.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Naoum, 2007) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Industry fatigue. Companies receive a steady stream of questionnaires and pressures of modern business mean that for many organisations and individuals, studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ questionnaires are of less priority.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Naoum, 2007) Personal interview à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The personal interview is another major technique for collecting factual information as well as opinions. It is a face-to-face interpersonal role situation in which an interviewer asks respondants questions designed to elicit answers pertinent to the research hypothesis.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Naoum, 2007) Using the interview technique can sometimes only be suitable if it is undertaken under certain circumstances, for example, knowing the interviewee so that you know only to ask what is important and how to ask it. Also interviewing people with the same characteristics, so that they are both looking at the question from the same perspective. Performing an interview is also essential if the questions need to be explained or described, as well as being able to probe the answers given by each correspondent, as to why that response was given or feel the way they do about a specific aspect. As with the questionnaire technique, they are some variables that need to be considered, as to the structure of the interview as these can take three forms, namely unstructured, structured or semi-structured. However, this does not mean that only one form needs to be utilised, as the interview can be a combination of all three. Unstructured interview à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“This form of interview uses à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"open-endedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"openà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ questions and the questionnaire is often pitched at a very general level so that the researcher can see in what direction the interviewee takes things in their response. It is usually conducted with qualitative research. Unstructured interviews can also be conducted at the beginning of any research (also known as exploratory interviews) when the researcher knows little about his/her subject area.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Naoum, 2007) Semi-structures interview à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“This is more formal than the unstructured interview in that there are a number of specific topics around which to build the interview. This form of interview uses à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"openà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"closed-endedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ questioning but the questions are not asked in a specific order and no schedule is used. Your task is to discover as much as possible about the specific issues related to your subject area.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Naoum, 2007) There are four characteristics of a semi-structured interview, as stated by Merton and Kendal (1946): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It takes place with respondents known to have been involved in a particular experience.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It refers to situations that have been analysed prior to interview.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It proceeds on the basis of an interview guide specifying topics related to the research hypothesis.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It is focused on the respondentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ experiences regarding the situations under study.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Semi-structured interviews start by asking indirect questions in order to build up a rapport with the respondent and then explore the specific issues that the interviewer has in mind.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Naoum, 2007) Structured interview à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In the structured interview, questions are presented in the same order and with the same wording to all interviewees. The interviewer will have full control on the questionnaire throughout the entire process of the interview. In this technique the questioning may start with some à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"openà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ questions, but will soon move towards a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"closedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ question format.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Naoum, 2007) There are three main advantages of using the structured interview method, as it allows for more accurate answers, a higher response rate and the interviewee can be probed as to why they were gave the answers, they did. Data Analysis Once all data has been collated, the process of analyse all the information begins, and again this can be categorised into three forms of data analysis, namely exploratory, descriptive and inferential statistical methods of analysis. Exploratory data analysis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Exploratory research is a qualitative research and can be described as a social or organisational behaviour research which produces results that are not obtained by statistical procedures or other methods of quantification. This type of data analysis refers to research about peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lives, their stories and behaviour, and it can also be used to examine organisations, relationships and social movements. Some of the data may be quantified afterwards, but the analysis is qualitative.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Naoum, 2007) This form of analysis, allows people to express there own views or opinions on a subject, and so is generally used to analyse the data from open-ended questions. Furthermore, by using the exploratory form of data analysis, we are able to code, similar answers into categories and record the information obtained from carrying out questionnaires and interviews. Descriptive statistics method à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The descriptive statistics method is the simplest method of analysis which provides a general overview of the results. It gives an idea of what is happening. The descriptive method will either analyse the responses in percentages (as in the case of a large sample) or will contain actual numbers (as in the case of a small sample).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Naoum, 2007) Descriptive statistics method can also be further categorised into three sections of frequency distribution, measurement of central tendency and measurement of dispersion. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“When summarising large amounts of raw data it is often useful to distribute the data into categories or classes and to determine the number of individuals or cases belonging to each category. This is called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"category frequencyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. It can be presented in the form of tabulation, a bar chart, a pie chart or a graph.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Naoum, 2007) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Measurement of central tendency. This type of analysis is applied when you have a group of data and you wish to find the most typical value for the group, or the score which all other scores are evenly clustered around. These statistics are known as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"meanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"medianà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"modeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Naoum, 2007) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Many survey analyses entail the comparison of results for different parts of the sample, for example the proportion of traditional contracts that overrun on time with the proportion of design and build contracts that overrun on time. In this case one might carry out a statistical significance test of the difference between the proportions.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Naoum, 2007) CHAPTER 4 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" DATA COLLECTION ANALYSIS References Bouma G.D. Atkinson G. B. J (1995), A Handbook of social science research, Oxford University Press, Oxford Cresswell J. (1994), Research Design: Qualitative Quantitative Approach, Sage, London. King, M. (2009) speech to CBI Dinner at Nottingham, 20.01.2009, online at https://www.bankofendland.co.uk/publications/speeches/2009/speech372.pdf. Naoum Dr S. G. (2007), Dissertation Research Writing for Construction Students, Second Edition, Elsevier, Oxford. Stanlake G.F Grant S.J. (1995), Introductory Economics sixth Edition, Longman Group Ltd, London. Stewart, J. (2009) partnership UK statement 2009 on investmesnt Stewart D. W. Kamins M. A (1993), Secondary Research: Information Sources and Methods, Sage, London. Skinner à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" strategy for national infrastructure 2010 Parahoo, K. (2006) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Literature reviewsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? from Parahoo, K., Nursing Research: Principles, process and issues. Pp. 121-147, Basingtoke: Palgrave National Statistics Organisation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 0.4% GDP https://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=192

The Best Way To Use A Contrast Essay Sample College Essay

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